472
August 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal of the
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is devoted to the
exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry,
remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The technical activities of
the Society are conducted through the following Technical Divisions: Geographic
Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data
Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing Applications. Additional
information on the functioning of the Technical Divisions and the Society can
be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS.
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Several hundred years ago, pre-Inca and Inca civilizations grew corn, potatoes, beans,
quinoa, and squash on raised beds in the verdant Cayambe Valley. Now greenhouses
dominate this landscape, and most of them are filled with roses and other cut flowers
that will be harvested, packed, and shipped to the United States. Located in Ecuador’s
Northern Highlands, the Cayambe Valley has one of the highest densities of greenhouses
for rose production in the world, said Gregory Knapp, a geographer at the University of
Texas at Austin and a scholar of Ecuador’s booming cut flower industry.
The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 collected these natural-color images of
the valley on September 20, 2017. The first image is a nadir (straight down) view; the
second is a wider view. The third shows the Landsat data draped over topographic data
from NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM).
Plastic greenhouses surround Cayambe, a town of 40,000 people. Snow-capped Volcán
Cayambe—an active stratovolcano east of the town—towers over the valley. In the
second image, three inactive volcanoes lie to the north, including Imbabura. Bands of
cloud forests(dark green) ring the lower slopes of the volcanoes.
Ecuador exports nearly $1 billion (U.S.) in cut flowers each year; the main product is
roses, though baby’s breath, carnations, and chrysanthemums are also grown. About
one-third of the roses that Americans exchange on Valentine’s Day come from Ecuador;
almost all of the rest arrive from Colombia. Cayambe’s rise as an epicenter of rose
production mirrors the growth of Ecuador’s cut flower industry. In the mid-1980s,
Landsat imagery shows very few greenhouses in Cayambe. By 2000, they had sprung
up on the outskirts of the town. By 2017, they were ubiquitous. The greenhouses make
it possible for rose growers to precisely control temperature and humidity to minimize
diseases and pests.
The valley’s location along the equator makes it ideal for growing roses, which benefit
from bright light, the roughly equal length of days year round, and the minimal variations
in daily and seasonal temperatures. At an elevation of roughly 2,800 meters (9,200 feet),
roses also grow slower than they would if grown at lower elevations, leading to larger
blooms and more sugar in the stems (which extends shelf life).
Wetlands and irrigation systems provide easy access to water; some of the water supply
systems date to pre-Columbian times. The valley’s fertile volcanic soils are another plus,
though the location at the foot of an active volcano comes with the risk of ash falls and
destructive mudflows known as lahars.
“There are certainly questions and concerns about the environmental and health impacts
of the pesticides used and the treatment of greenhouse workers, but the explosive
growth of Cayambe’s flower industry—which nobody expected—has had undeniable
benefits,” said Knapp. “It has created a huge number of jobs in the area and turned
Cayambe into a prosperous place.”
To see the full image, visit
.
